School · 624 BCE–485 CE
Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
Greek and Roman philosophers developed competing accounts of nature, knowledge, virtue, political life, and the soul, from early cosmology through the school cultures of late antiquity.
Shared questions
- What can reason establish about nature, knowledge, virtue, and a flourishing human life?
Internal disagreements
- Whether reality is intelligible through first principles, empirical inquiry, dialectic, therapeutic practice, or the suspension of judgment.
Key texts
- The Presocratic fragments — The earliest Greek philosophy survives only as quotations and paraphrases in later authors, whose framing shapes what is preserved.
- Elements of Theology — Proclus' systematic propositions carry late antique Platonism into the medieval Arabic and Latin traditions.