School · 1149 CE–1210 CE
Kalām
Kalām is Islamic dialectical theology on God, causation, freedom, prophecy, and the interpretation of revelation.
Shared questions
- How should divine unity, omnipotence, justice, and human responsibility be understood?
Internal disagreements
- Whether reason independently establishes theological truths and how divine attributes and causal order should be explained.
Key texts
- Mafātīḥ al-ghayb — Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī's vast Qurʾān commentary carries much of his philosophical theology.
- al-Mabāḥith al-mashriqiyya — His eastern investigations restate and criticise the Avicennan system point by point.