School · 1788 CE–1900 CE
Nineteenth-century philosophy
Nineteenth-century philosophy is debates over idealism, materialism, liberalism, science, religion, colonialism, and industrial modernity.
Shared questions
- How should philosophy respond to rapid scientific, political, and economic transformation?
Internal disagreements
- Whether progress is best explained by reason, history, material production, evolution, will, or social reform.
Key texts
- The World as Will and Representation · 1818 — Schopenhauer added a second volume of essays in 1844 that is longer than the original.
- Fear and Trembling · 1843 — Published under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio, which Kierkegaard insisted should not be read as his own voice.
- On the Genealogy of Morality · 1887 — Nietzsche's three essays on the history of moral valuation, written in a fortnight.