School · 800 BCE–700 BCE
Vedic and Upanishadic thought
Vedic and Upanishadic thought is Vedic ritual reflection and Upaniṣadic inquiry into sacrifice, self, knowledge, death, and ultimate reality.
Shared questions
- What, if anything, endures through change, ritual action, death, and rebirth?
Internal disagreements
- Whether ritual efficacy, inward knowledge, renunciation, or cosmological speculation offers the decisive route to the highest good.
Key texts
- Vedas — Layered ritual and speculative corpora without a single author profile.
- Principal Upanishads — Composite texts developed across long periods of oral and written transmission.