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Thinker · c. 350–450 CE

Īśvarakṛṣṇa

Īśvarakṛṣṇa

Īśvarakṛṣṇa’s Sāṃkhyakārikā gave the classical Sāṃkhya analysis of puruṣa, prakṛti, and the principles of experience its most durable compact formulation.

Intellectual setting

The Kārikā became authoritative in a tradition later read alongside Yoga and disputed by Vedānta and Buddhist authors.

Key ideas

Dual principles

Liberation requires discriminating the plurality of conscious puruṣas from unconscious prakṛti.

Twenty-five principles

The Kārikā orders cosmology and psychology through an enumerated sequence of evolving principles.

Legacy

Its categories supplied the metaphysical vocabulary for centuries of Sāṃkhya-Yoga commentary.