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Thinker · 1905–1980 CE

Jean-Paul Sartre

Sartre transformed phenomenology into an existential analysis of freedom, bad faith, others, social conflict, and political commitment.

Intellectual setting

Sartre's writing moved through interwar French philosophy, the Nazi occupation, postwar cultural politics, and anticolonial activism, crossing novels, plays, journalism, and theory.

Key ideas

Existence and freedom

Human beings are not fixed by a pre-given essence but must take responsibility for projects formed within contingent situations.

Bad faith

People evade freedom by treating themselves as fixed objects or by denying the factical constraints through which freedom is exercised.

Legacy

He made existentialism globally influential and remains central to arguments about agency, the look of others, commitment, Marxism, anticolonialism, and the limits of humanism.