Mikhail Bakunin advanced collectivist anarchism, joining a critique of the state, church, and economic domination to a revolutionary politics of federal association.
Intellectual setting
Bakunin’s arguments emerged from European revolutions and conflicts within the First International.
Key ideas
Anti-statism
A workers’ state would reproduce hierarchy rather than deliver emancipation.
Collective freedom
Individual freedom is realized socially through equality, solidarity, and federated self-organization.
Legacy
His anti-authoritarian socialism profoundly shaped collectivist and revolutionary anarchist traditions.